![]() The importance of these twenty eighth presidential and parliamentary elections in Türkiye is derived from the fact that they are taking place 100 years after the establishment of the modern Republic of Türkiye by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and the Republic is entering the second century of its existence under very complex global circumstances. In addition to a plethora of parties and presidential candidates, there is also a consensus both within and outside Turkey that this time the elections will be a turning point for the future of the country. These elections in Türkiye have been described as “the most important in the history of the country” since the inception of the Republic. He established the ‘Council for Marine Causes’ which would become the admiralty, and he transformed his ships and the way they fought from unwieldy vessels carrying soldiers who would board an enemy and fight it out hand to hand, to sleek, fast ships armed with heavy cannon which would blast their enemy into submission.įor the first time the kingdom had a standing royal navy, consisting of a fleet of battleships.Türkiye is preparing to hold presidential and parliamentary elections on, after Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of the Republic of Türkiye, had announced that the date of the elections will be moved from the previously scheduled 18 June to. Henry established a standing navy with a bureaucracy, dockyards at Deptford, Woolwich and Portsmouth and dozens of vessels. Previous fleets had been transitory and tiny by comparison to the one Henry amassed. ![]() It was Henry who conceived of England as a single land mass to be protected and turned it into a defensible island, by building forts along the south coast (many of which he designed), and by establishing a powerful royal navy. Fearing for the security of his realm, he launched an astonishing campaign to map the whole of the coastline of England – and where he mapped, he fortified. Henry’s insecurity brought other benefits. These legal and political reforms have endured to the present.ĭan talks to Jack Hartnell about how people in the Middle Ages saw their own (and other people's) bodies. Lordships were abolished, the land divided into counties, with royal officials appointed, and members of parliament sent to Westminster. Henry swept this aside with Acts of Parliament which incorporated Wales into England. Wales was excluded from parliament and ruled either direct by the crown or by a large number of feudal lordships, a remnant of the violent conquest of Wales in previous centuries. His sovereignty now sprang from parliament rather than pope. ![]() In 1542 Henry passed an Act of Parliament which established himself as King of Ireland. He had inherited the title Lord of Ireland when he came to the throne, a title given to his forebears by the papacy in the 12th century. Henry then used his parliaments to iron out some of the medieval ambiguities he saw around him. Henry brought a zeal to government. His emphasis on parliament turned it from an occasional king’s court into a central pillar of the English constitution. This placed England firmly at the centre of European politics, instead of being regarded as a remote rain-swept island at the edge of the known world. ![]() To celebrate, a lavish festival, the Field of Cloth of Gold, was held two years later, which glorified diplomacy as a new kind of power. Henry and his chief minister Cardinal Wolsey organised a congress in September 1518 an ambitious attempt at a European wide peace settlement, they signed the ‘Universal and Perpetual Peace’ with France. If Henry had managed to hold onto it, he would have had a real foothold in France beyond Calais. His army took Thérouanne and, more importantly, Tournai, one of the largest medieval cities in Northern Europe. In 1513 he launched a campaign against France.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |